Flowers For Algernon Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Blossoms For Algernon Essay Conclusion The story Flowers for Algernon delineates the significance of knowledge in a profound sense. The thin definition insight is the ability to learn, to comprehend, or to manage new or attempting circumstances. It is a solid definition so that it likewise implies the capacity to apply information to control ones condition or to think uniquely as estimated by target measures as tests. However the story goes past this solid clarification of what knowledge truly is. It shows a totally different viewpoint of the importance insight. The tale gives a hypothesis of the more astute you become the more issues you will get. Therefore your scholarly development will surpass your enthusiastic development. This hypothesis is appeared in the novel with Charlie having two developments, scholarly and enthusiastic. These two developments communicate by reason of once there is a high intelligent development that is quickly out developing, the enthusiastic development will remain the equivalent or incremen t at a much lower speed. The meaning of insight that is clarified in the book is having sure properties that assist you with turning into a more grounded person. The characteristics are having trustworthiness, morals ethics and empathy. One needs to accomplish this insight negligently; Charlie shows this before he has his activity. By arriving at this sort of insight an individual doesn't must have a ton information or a high I.Q, yet you may arrive settled in life by being a profoundly kind individual that is already appear in the theoretical definition. The main constructive outcomes of the scholarly development that one can pick up is to have the option to encounter what the solid definition resembled in ones own understanding. However the negative impacts of the activity, which were incredible, was the scholarly and passionate development impacting. As a human that was brought into the world with the scholarly potential and without an inability, would have encountered this over an ordinary human life expectancy, and the enthusiastic development would increment close by of the savvy person set by societys gauges. Perusing the novel has an away from of the greater development you gain the less astute you are, and the more guiltlessness you have the more insight you gain.

Create and Customize Buttons With the DBNavigator

Make and Customize Buttons With the DBNavigator Alright, the DBNavigator carries out its responsibility of exploring information and overseeing records. Shockingly, my clients need more easy to understand understanding, similar to custom catch illustrations and inscriptions, ... This request originated from a Delphi engineer looking for an approach to upgrade the intensity of the DBNavigator component.â The DBNavigator is an extraordinary part it gives a VCR-like interface to exploring information and overseeing records in database applications. Record route is given by the First, Next, Prior, and Last fastens. Record the board is given by the Edit, Post, Cancel, Delete, Insert, and Refresh catches. In one part Delphi gives all that you need, to work on your information. Be that as it may, as the creator of the email request likewise expressed, the DBNavigator comes up short on certain highlights like custom glyphs, button subtitles, and others. A More Powerful DBNavigator Numerous Delphi parts have valuable properties and techniques that are checked imperceptible (ensured) to a Delphi engineer. Ideally, to access such ensured individuals from a segment, a straightforward procedure called the secured hack can be utilized. Initially, youll add a subtitle to each DBNavigator button, at that point youll include custom illustrations, lastly, youll OnMouseUp-empower each button.â From the exhausting DBNavigator to both of: Standard designs and custom captionsOnly captionsCustom illustrations and custom inscriptions Lets Rock n Roll The DBNavigator has a secured Buttons property. This part is a variety of TNavButton, a relative of TSpeedButton. Since each catch in this shielded property acquires from TSpeedButton, in the event that you get our hands on it, youll have the option to work with standard TSpeedButton properties like: Caption (a string that distinguishes the control to the client), Glyph (the bitmap that shows up on the catch), Layout (figures out where the picture or content shows up on the button)... From the DBCtrls unit (where DBNavigator is characterized) you read that the ensured Buttons property is pronounced as: Catches: array[TNavigateBtn] of TNavButton; Where TNavButton acquires from TSpeedButton and TNavigateBtn is a specification, characterized as : TNavigateBtn (nbFirst, nbPrior, nbNext, nbLast, nbInsert, nbDelete, nbEdit, nbPost, nbCancel, nbRefresh); Note that TNavigateBtn holds 10 qualities, each recognizing distinctive catch on a TDBNavigator object. Presently, lets perceive how to hack a DBNavigator: Improved DBNavigator​ In the first place, set up a basic information altering Delphi structure by putting in any event a DBNavigator, a DBGrid, a DataSoure and a Dataset object of your decision (ADO, BDE, dbExpres, ...). Ensure all segments are associated. Second, hack a DBNavigator by characterizing an acquired sham class, over the Form statement, as: type THackDBNavigator class(TDBNavigator); type TForm1 class(TForm) ... Next, to have the option to show custom subtitles and illustrations on each DBNavigator button, youll need to set up certain glyphs. You can utilize the TImageList segment and allocate 10 pictures (.bmp or .ico), each speaking to an activity of a specific catch of a DBNavigator. Third, in the OnCreate occasion for the Form1, include a call like: method TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject); SetupHackedNavigator(DBNavigator1, ImageList1);end; Ensure you include the revelation of this strategy in the private piece of the structure statement, as: type TForm1 class(TForm) ... privateprocedure SetupHackedNavigator(const Navigator : TDBNavigator; const Glyphs : TImageList); ... Fourth, include the SetupHackedNavigator method. The SetupHackedNavigator system adds custom designs to each fasten and allocates a custom inscription to each fasten. utilizes Buttons;/!!! dont forgetprocedure TForm1.SetupHackedNavigator (const Navigator : TDBNavigator; const Glyphs : TImageList);const Captions : array[TNavigateBtn] of string (Initial, Previous, Later, Final, Add, Erase, Correct, Send, Withdraw, Revive);(* Captions : array[TNavigateBtn] of string (First, Prior, Next, Last, Insert, Delete, Edit, Post, Cancel, Refresh); in Croatia (limited): Captions : array[TNavigateBtn] of string (Prvi, Prethodni, Slijedeci, Zadnji, Dodaj, Obrisi, Promjeni, Spremi, Odustani, Osvjezi);*)var btn : TNavigateBtn;beginfor btn : Low(TNavigateBtn) to High(TNavigateBtn) dowith THackDBNavigator(Navigator).Buttons[btn] dobegin//from the Captions const exhibit Caption : Captions[btn];/the quantity of pictures in the Glyph property NumGlyphs : 1;/Remove the old glyph. Glyph : nil;/Assign the custom one Glyphs.GetBitmap(Integer(btn),Glyph);/gylph above content Layout : blGlyphTop;/clarified later OnMouseUp : HackNavMouseUp; end;end; (*SetupHackedNavigator*) Alright, lets clarify. You emphasize through all the catches in the DBNavigator. Review that each catch is open from the ensured Buttons exhibit property-along these lines the requirement for the THackDBNavigator class. Since the sort of the Buttons exhibit is TNavigateBtn, you go from the primary (utilizing the Low function) catch to the last (utilizing the High function) one. For each catch, you basically evacuate the old glyph, dole out the upgraded one (from the Glyphs parameter), include the subtitle from the Captions cluster and imprint the design of the glyph. Note that you can control which catches are shown by a DBNavigator (not the hacked one) through its VisibleButtons property. Another property whose default esteem you might need to change is Hints-use it to flexibly Help Hints based on your personal preference for the individual guide button. You can control the showcase of the Hints by altering the ShowHints property. That is it. This is the reason youve picked Delphi! Gimme More! Why stop here? You realize that when you click the nbNext button the datasets current position is progressed to the following record. Consider the possibility that you need to move, lets state, 5 records ahead if the client is holding the CTRL key while squeezing the catch. What about that?â The standard DBNavigator doesn't have the OnMouseUp occasion the one that conveys the Shift parameter of the TShiftState-empowering you to test for the condition of the Alt, Ctrl, and Shift keys. The DBNavigator just gives the OnClick occasion to you to handle.â Be that as it may, the THackDBNavigator can basically uncover the OnMouseUp occasion and empower you to see the condition of the control keys and even the situation of the cursor over the specific catch when clicked! Ctrl Click : 5 Rows Ahead To uncover the OnMouseUp you essentially dole out your custom occasion dealing with method to the OnMouseUp occasion for the catch of the hacked DBNavigator. This precisely is as of now done in the SetupHackedNavigator procedure:OnMouseUp : HackNavMouseUp; Presently, the HackNavMouseUp strategy could resemble: strategy TForm1.HackNavMouseUp (Sender:TObject; Button: TMouseButton; Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer);const MoveBy : whole number 5;beginif NOT (Sender is TNavButton) at that point Exit; case TNavButton(Sender).Index of nbPrior: on the off chance that (ssCtrl in Shift) at that point TDBNavigator(TNavButton(Sender).Parent). DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy(- MoveBy); nbNext: in the event that (ssCtrl in Shift) at that point TDBNavigator(TNavButton(Sender).Parent). DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy(MoveBy); end; end;(*HackNavMouseUp*) Note that you have to include the mark of the HackNavMouseUp strategy inside the private piece of the structure assertion (close to the statement of the SetupHackedNavigator technique): type TForm1 class(TForm) ... privateprocedure SetupHackedNavigator(const Navigator : TDBNavigator; const Glyphs : TImageList); system HackNavMouseUp(Sender:TObject; Button: TMouseButton; Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer); ... Alright, lets clarify, once again. The HackNavMouseUp technique handles the OnMouseUp occasion for each DBNavigator button. In the event that the client is holding the CTRL key while tapping the nbNext button, the present record for the connected dataset is moved MoveBy (characterized as consistent with the estimation of 5) records ahead. What? Overcomplicated? That's right. You don't have to play with this on the off chance that you just need to check the condition of the control keys when the catch was clicked. Heres how to do likewise in the common OnClick occasion of the normal DBNavigator: system TForm1.DBNavigator1Click(Sender: TObject; Button: TNavigateBtn); work CtrlDown : Boolean; var State : TKeyboardState; start GetKeyboardState(State); Result : ((State[vk_Control] And 128) 0); end;const MoveBy : whole number 5;begincase Button of nbPrior: in the event that CtrlDown, at that point DBNavigator1.DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy(- MoveBy); nbNext: on the off chance that CtrlDown, at that point DBNavigator1.DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy(MoveBy); end;/caseend;(*DBNavigator2Click*) That is All Folks Lastly, the undertaking is done. Or you can keep going. Heres a situation/task/thought for you:â Lets state you need just one catch to supplant the nbFirst, nbPrevious, nbNext, and nbLast catches. You can utilize the X, and Y parameters inside the HackNavMouseUp method to discover the situation of the cursor when the catch was discharged. Presently, to this one catch (to govern them everything) you can append an image that has 4 territories, every zone is assume to emulate one of the catches you are supplanting ... got the point?

Celebrities Reading Why Book Lists and Private Libraries Fascinate Us

Celebrities Reading Why Book Lists and Private Libraries Fascinate Us Books are an essential part of my life, as I believe they are part of yours since you are reading this. However, there is a particular aspect of book-loving that has always fascinated me: collecting books and building a private library. It has always been a dream of mine to own an extensive library in my house. I believe books connect us, and they tell the stories that have shaped humanity for ages. Private libraries, on the other hand, tell the story of an individual, by holding the stories one carefully chooses to accompany them through life. As Walter Benjamin stated in his essay Unpacking My Library: “Naturally, [the collector’s] existence is tied to many other things as well: to a very utilitarian value â€"that is, their usefulnessâ€" but studies and loves them as the scene, the stage, of their fate.” I believe that the books someone holds on to can tell us more about that person than an hours-long conversation ever could. In books, we travel, we become shape-shifters, and we find our true nature. I recently have become more and more fascinated with private libraries, and what they can tell me about their owners. More specifically, the libraries of famous figures. This new fascination came about when I found a copy of A Book of Book Lists by Alex Johnson, in my local bookstore, which in turn made me want to re-read Jorge Luis Borges’s The Library of Babel. So, I started diving into the world of famous private libraries and questioning what we could learn about a person by looking at the books they read in their lifetime. There is an entire industry dedicated to the private lives of famous people. Still, I would argue that there is nothing more intimate than getting a glance into someone’s home library. Even when it is curated for public viewing, you can understand a private part of someones personality just by their books. For instance, you can find out things like how do they want to be perceived and who they want to pay attention to them. As a friend recently mentioned to me, “I never bothered reading celebrity memoirs because I always assumed they had a ghostwriter, or that their names are simply marketable. Seeing their private library gives celebrities a personal depth to me, that otherwise, I would not think of.” I agree with that, even if I have read and loved lots of celebrity memoirs. It’s hard sometimes to imagine what makes that person a writer, what were their inspirations and motivations behind choosing a book as the medium for their story. From Reese Witherspoon to Emma Roberts, there seems to be a new niche in bookish celebrities on the rise. A niche that has always been present but that, until our recent social media dominated years, was only explored by those truly devoted to it. Even so, private libraries are something to cling to, if you are curious about a person’s life. The books someone recommends or collects can tell us much more about someone’s life in private than their public actions ever could. In some instances, it can very well validate, or invalidate, those actions. The first part of Johnson’s book focuses on understanding the motivations behind reading. More specifically, what the books people read/collected during their life can tell us about them. So, of course, the book opens with Osama Bin Laden. Bin Laden was the last person I expected to be featured so prominently in a book like this, to be honest, but alas, he is. From the get-go, I was intrigued, fascinated that someone like the head of a terrorist organization who was always on the run would even care about owning books. And also, if at the end of the section, the breakdown of his reading list was entirely predictable. He read exclusively about military strategy and anti-U.S./anti-western political writers. But it got me thinking again about why we care about famous people’s libraries. I believe our eagerness to get a glimpse of someone’s bookshelf comes from a desire most readers have of empathizing or being closer to a famous figure. Now you might be asking who in their right mind would want to be close to Bin Laden? Well, this brings me to my second thought. I believe we are also fascinated by private libraries because our society has developed the idea that the love of books and reading is an inherently moral thing. That may be because we associate intelligence with knowledge and knowledge as being a positive thing. Thus, bookish people or people that would describe themselves as readers are inherently good. Well, that is, for the most part, not accurateâ€"or rather, it’s just too generous of a statement. Several world leaders and artists were readers; some of them were also terrible people. From Napoleon to Karl Lagerfeld, it is evident that reading doesn’t necessarily equal a good human being. Being a reader has always been a defining part of my personality. So, I have always been the first person to associate reading with kindness, wisdom, and just all-around good stuff, because it made me look wise, instead of antisocial and a bit snobby. If someone had what I thought to be an ignorant or harmful worldview, I would immediately define the problem with that person as being the assumption that they did not read. So when I grew up a bit and started realizing how books and reading can also be used to control or even undermine people, I had to take a good hard look in the mirror. Is being seen as a reader, a well-rounded one no less, more important than actually being one, because you become associated with the myth of inherent goodness? I am certainly not qualified to answer all these questions, but it is a fascinating thing to think about, and there is a lot out there for you to explore on this subject. Both in what it means to be a reader and how private libraries can give us an insight into it through some famous readers, of course. For instance, scholars still trying to recreate  Richard III’s library  in full. How cool is that? Also, several articles focused on  Karl Lagerfeld’ s extensive personal library after his passing earlier this year. Not to mention, I am waiting patiently for the day that we get to see what books Toni Morrison collected during her lifetime. In the meantime, if you have the same questions, several books can help further inspire you as you build your library, and send you on a quest for inspiration. Such as new releases like A Book Lover’s Guide to New York  by Cleo Le-Tan or  Bowie’s Bookshelf by John O’Connell. Many backlist biblio-memoirs are rich in diversity and their approach to reading and collecting books. Two of my favorites are Reading Lolita in Tehran  by Azar Nafisi and  The Library at Night  by Alberto Manguel. I hope these books will tell you a bit more about the lives of some iconic readers and tell you about the moment in time in which they read, worked, and wrote and what it meant to be a reader then. And like Walter Benjamin, I hope the world and people reveal themselves to you as you undertake the pursuit of books.

An Explanation of Acid Mine Drainage

In a nutshell, acid mine drainage is a form of water pollution that happens when rain, runoff, or streams come in contact with rock that is rich in sulfur. As a result, the water becomes very acidic and damages downstream aquatic ecosystems. In some regions, it is the most common form of stream and river pollution. Sulfur-bearing rock, especially one type of mineral called pyrite, is routinely fractured or crushed during coal or metal mining operations, and accumulated in piles of mine tailings. Pyrite contains iron sulfide which, when in contact with water, dissociates into sulfuric acid and iron. The sulfuric acid dramatically lowers the pH, and the iron can precipitate and form an orange or red deposit of iron oxide that smothers the bottom of the stream. Other harmful elements like lead, copper, arsenic, or mercury may also be stripped from the rocks by the acidic water, further contaminating the stream. Where Acid Mine Drainage Happens It mostly occurs where mining is done to extract coal or metals from sulfur-bearing rocks. Silver, gold, copper, zinc, and lead are commonly found in association with metal sulfates, so their extraction can cause acid mine drainage. Rainwater or streams become acidified after they run through the mine’s tailings. In hilly terrain, older coal mines were sometimes built so that gravity would drain out water from inside the mine. Long after those mines are closed, acid mine drainage continues to come out and contaminate waters downstream. In the coal mining regions of the eastern United States, over 4,000 miles of stream have been impacted by acid mine drainage. These streams are mostly located in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. In the western U.S., on Forest Service land alone there are over 5,000 miles of affected streams.   In some circumstances, sulfur-bearing rock can be exposed to water in non-mining operations. For example, when construction equipment cuts a path through bedrock to build a road, pyrite can be broken up and exposed to air and water. Many geologists thus prefer the term acid rock drainage, since mining is not always involved. Environmental Effects Drinking water becomes contaminated. Groundwater can be affected, impacting local water wells.Waters with a low pH can support only severely reduced animal and plant diversity. Fish species are some of the first to disappear. In most acidic streams, only some specialized bacteria survive.Due to how corrosive it is, acidic stream water damages infrastructure such as culverts, bridges, and stormwater pipes.Any recreational potential (e.g., fishing, swimming) and scenic value for streams or rivers affected by acid mine drainage are greatly reduced.   Solutions Passive treatment of acidic streams can be conducted by routing the water into a purpose-built wetland designed to buffer the low pH. Yet, these systems require complex engineering, regular maintenance, and are applicable only when certain conditions are present.Active treatment options include isolating or treating the waste rock to avoid contact of water with sulfates. Once the water has been contaminated, options include pushing it through a permeable reactive barrier that neutralizes the acid or routing it through a specialized wastewater treatment plant. Sources Reclamation Research Group. 2008. Acid Mine Drainage and Effects on Fish Health and Ecology: A Review.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Acid Mine Drainage Prediction.

Aztec Civilization Essay - 680 Words

The Aztec Indians created a great civilization in Central Mexico, reaching its peak in the 1500amp;#8217;s. Being late arrivals to the area, and because of their strong neighboring nations, they were forced to live in the swampy western areas of the Lake Texcoco. Because of the swampy surroundings, the Aztecs used mud to create miniature islands in the swamps. These islands are called chinampas, or amp;#8220;floating gardens,; and were used as farming lands. On these fertile islands they grew corn, squash, vegetables, and flowers. Being an agriculturally dependant empire, the Aztecamp;#8217;s religion was based highly on the forces of nature and worshipped them as gods. The god of war, Huitzilopochtli, was the most important deity.†¦show more content†¦On the stone is a picture of what the Aztecs thought the universe was like. The sun god is in the middle, with the heavens surrounding it, and pictures of people made out of precious stones. The Aztec form of writing was in pictographs, or small pictures symbolizing objects or sounds. The Aztec numbering system used pictographs also, and was based on the number 20. For example, a flag represented 20, a fir tree represented 20 times 20, or 400, and a pouch represented 400 times 20, or 8000. The capitol of the Aztec Empire was Tenochtitlan, which was built where modern-day Mexico City is. It was given the nickname amp;#8220;Venice of the New World,; because it had many canals. During the acme of the Aztec civilization, the population of this great city nu mbered more than 200,000. This made it one of the most populated cities in the ancient world. The city was connected to the mainland by 3 causeways, which, when flooded, served as protective dikes. In the city aqueducts, which was probably the first type of indoor plumbing, brought fresh water into homes. Many people used canoes to travel through the city. Most of the houses were made up of mud and twisted twigs, but the nobility and priests had plastered brick or stone houses. In 1519, Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes and more than 500 other Spaniards landed on the shores of Mexico in search of gold. The Aztecs welcomed the Spaniards and gave them gifts, because they thought they were gods. Cortes became greedy when heShow MoreRelatedThe Aztecs And The Aztec Civilization1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Aztecs had one of the most successful and advanced empires of all time. They had a dwelling culture The Aztec civilization was located directly in the middle of two mountain ranges in the central valley of Mexico ( Platt 10). Although the Aztec empire eventually came to an end they were able to do well as an empire. Contributing factors that led to the rise of the empire was their political structure, social components, and religious traditions which they preformed earnestly. The Aztecs wereRead MoreAztec s And The Aztec Civilization1989 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Aztec. The Aztec’s human sacrifice was a brutal bloodshed. (Pennock 277) The Aztec civilization was a solid and powerful foundation. The Aztec’s dominated northern Mexico during the 16th century, during that time was also the Spanish conquest with Hernan Cortes. The Aztec’s were bodacious warriors. The Aztec’s had a well organized agricultural economy even the Spaniards were impressed and could not wait to take over Mexico. The Spanish knew this could not happen right away with the Aztec beingRead MoreAztec Culture And The Aztec Civilization1637 Words   |  7 PagesAztec culture flourished in the highlands of central Mexico between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, AD. As the last in a series of complex urban civilizations in Mesoamerica, the Aztecs adopted many traits and institutions from their predecessors such as the Maya and Teotihuacan. The Aztecs also devised many innovations, particularly in the realms of economics and politics. Aztec civilization was destroyed at its height by the invasion of Spanish conquerors under He rnando Cortà ©s in 1519. TheRead MoreAncient Civilization And The Aztec Civilization Essay1781 Words   |  8 PagesMesoamerican civilizations lies right below modern day Mexico City. (Yellow,16) Legends have been told about the history of Mexico City, but not until recently was the great city of Tenochtitlan uncovered while construction workers were digging in Mexico City. There are very few physical remains of the ancient city today, but the history of this great civilization is still with us. This civilization was created by the Aztecs, who built their empire in 1325 AD. (Yellow,15). The capital of the Aztecs, TenochtitlanRead MoreAztec, Inca And Aztec Civilizations1134 Words   |  5 Pagesother prospering civilizations thriving in parts of Central America and parts of Mexico. The Mayan, Incan and Aztec civilizations were a few of the greatest ancient civilizations in history, but they each had distinct characteristics that helped them prosper into the great empires that they became. Each had their own fascinating ways of food production, governing system and culture. The Mayans were established first out of the three and settled in modern-day Mexico. Then came the Aztecs and they alsoRead MoreThe Maya And Aztec Civilizations866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Maya and Aztec civilizations were both indigenous people that flourished in Mesoamerica. Maya s classic period dates from 250 to 900 AD, which was considered to be the peak of their civilization. They covered much of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and were centered in what is now known as Guatemala. The Aztecs dominated in the post classic period from 1325 to 1521 AD, in what is now modern day Mexico. Although, the Aztec and Maya s were from different time periods they shared cultural similaritiesRead MoreAztec Religion: the Foundation of a Civilization1456 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Aztec, including their beliefs, customs and religions, acted as a tremendous influence on their government, economy, a nd culture. Religion was the foundation for the infamous culture of the Aztec Civilization. Through ceremonies of sacrifice, and the infusion of cosmology into their religion, the Aztecs sculpted a culture unlike that of any other civilization, and left behind a legacy to be studied and admired for generations to come. Religion ultimately shaped the unique civilization of theRead More The European Invasion of the Aztec Civilization Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe European Invasion of the Aztec Civilization Thunder on their Ships They are landing with rulers, squares, compasses Sextants White skin fair eyes, naked word Thunder on their ships. Leopold Sedar Senghor, â€Å"Ethiopiques† (Adas) â€Å"Thunder on their ships† can be used to describe Herman Cortes when he landed at what is now Veracruz, Mexico in 1519 A.D. The light skinned and bearded Spaniard led his men into territory occupied by the Aztec civilization. Little did Cortes know, but thatRead MoreThe Ancient Aztecs Complex And Advanced Civilization966 Words   |  4 PagesHonors Hilp March 3, 2015 The Ancient Aztecs Complex and Advanced Civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that emerged in Mesoamerica around the start of the thirteenth century and existed until 1521 CE. The Aztecs had their own system of government, a very complex religion, and sports and games were very important to the civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that was complex as well as very advanced in many different areas of their civilization such as their government, religion, andRead MoreNative American Civilization : The Aztec, Or Mexicas Essay3157 Words   |  13 PagesOne of the first societies to ever mandate education was the Aztec, or Mexicas, which allowed children of any social stature to be educated, ^ possible input in of a dash rather than a comma including slave children. It is hard to imagine that this grand empire is highly associated with their practices in human sacrifice. When the Spanish invaded and took over, many believed that the Aztecs will killed ^were killed by this ^the Spanish conquest, but ^;but, the truth is that il lnesses brought by the

Aztec Civilization Essay - 680 Words

The Aztec Indians created a great civilization in Central Mexico, reaching its peak in the 1500amp;#8217;s. Being late arrivals to the area, and because of their strong neighboring nations, they were forced to live in the swampy western areas of the Lake Texcoco. Because of the swampy surroundings, the Aztecs used mud to create miniature islands in the swamps. These islands are called chinampas, or amp;#8220;floating gardens,; and were used as farming lands. On these fertile islands they grew corn, squash, vegetables, and flowers. Being an agriculturally dependant empire, the Aztecamp;#8217;s religion was based highly on the forces of nature and worshipped them as gods. The god of war, Huitzilopochtli, was the most important deity.†¦show more content†¦On the stone is a picture of what the Aztecs thought the universe was like. The sun god is in the middle, with the heavens surrounding it, and pictures of people made out of precious stones. The Aztec form of writing was in pictographs, or small pictures symbolizing objects or sounds. The Aztec numbering system used pictographs also, and was based on the number 20. For example, a flag represented 20, a fir tree represented 20 times 20, or 400, and a pouch represented 400 times 20, or 8000. The capitol of the Aztec Empire was Tenochtitlan, which was built where modern-day Mexico City is. It was given the nickname amp;#8220;Venice of the New World,; because it had many canals. During the acme of the Aztec civilization, the population of this great city nu mbered more than 200,000. This made it one of the most populated cities in the ancient world. The city was connected to the mainland by 3 causeways, which, when flooded, served as protective dikes. In the city aqueducts, which was probably the first type of indoor plumbing, brought fresh water into homes. Many people used canoes to travel through the city. Most of the houses were made up of mud and twisted twigs, but the nobility and priests had plastered brick or stone houses. In 1519, Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes and more than 500 other Spaniards landed on the shores of Mexico in search of gold. The Aztecs welcomed the Spaniards and gave them gifts, because they thought they were gods. Cortes became greedy when heShow MoreRelatedThe Aztecs And The Aztec Civilization1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Aztecs had one of the most successful and advanced empires of all time. They had a dwelling culture The Aztec civilization was located directly in the middle of two mountain ranges in the central valley of Mexico ( Platt 10). Although the Aztec empire eventually came to an end they were able to do well as an empire. Contributing factors that led to the rise of the empire was their political structure, social components, and religious traditions which they preformed earnestly. The Aztecs wereRead MoreAztec s And The Aztec Civilization1989 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Aztec. The Aztec’s human sacrifice was a brutal bloodshed. (Pennock 277) The Aztec civilization was a solid and powerful foundation. The Aztec’s dominated northern Mexico during the 16th century, during that time was also the Spanish conquest with Hernan Cortes. The Aztec’s were bodacious warriors. The Aztec’s had a well organized agricultural economy even the Spaniards were impressed and could not wait to take over Mexico. The Spanish knew this could not happen right away with the Aztec beingRead MoreAztec Culture And The Aztec Civilization1637 Words   |  7 PagesAztec culture flourished in the highlands of central Mexico between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, AD. As the last in a series of complex urban civilizations in Mesoamerica, the Aztecs adopted many traits and institutions from their predecessors such as the Maya and Teotihuacan. The Aztecs also devised many innovations, particularly in the realms of economics and politics. Aztec civilization was destroyed at its height by the invasion of Spanish conquerors under He rnando Cortà ©s in 1519. TheRead MoreAncient Civilization And The Aztec Civilization Essay1781 Words   |  8 PagesMesoamerican civilizations lies right below modern day Mexico City. (Yellow,16) Legends have been told about the history of Mexico City, but not until recently was the great city of Tenochtitlan uncovered while construction workers were digging in Mexico City. There are very few physical remains of the ancient city today, but the history of this great civilization is still with us. This civilization was created by the Aztecs, who built their empire in 1325 AD. (Yellow,15). The capital of the Aztecs, TenochtitlanRead MoreAztec, Inca And Aztec Civilizations1134 Words   |  5 Pagesother prospering civilizations thriving in parts of Central America and parts of Mexico. The Mayan, Incan and Aztec civilizations were a few of the greatest ancient civilizations in history, but they each had distinct characteristics that helped them prosper into the great empires that they became. Each had their own fascinating ways of food production, governing system and culture. The Mayans were established first out of the three and settled in modern-day Mexico. Then came the Aztecs and they alsoRead MoreThe Maya And Aztec Civilizations866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Maya and Aztec civilizations were both indigenous people that flourished in Mesoamerica. Maya s classic period dates from 250 to 900 AD, which was considered to be the peak of their civilization. They covered much of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and were centered in what is now known as Guatemala. The Aztecs dominated in the post classic period from 1325 to 1521 AD, in what is now modern day Mexico. Although, the Aztec and Maya s were from different time periods they shared cultural similaritiesRead MoreAztec Religion: the Foundation of a Civilization1456 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Aztec, including their beliefs, customs and religions, acted as a tremendous influence on their government, economy, a nd culture. Religion was the foundation for the infamous culture of the Aztec Civilization. Through ceremonies of sacrifice, and the infusion of cosmology into their religion, the Aztecs sculpted a culture unlike that of any other civilization, and left behind a legacy to be studied and admired for generations to come. Religion ultimately shaped the unique civilization of theRead More The European Invasion of the Aztec Civilization Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe European Invasion of the Aztec Civilization Thunder on their Ships They are landing with rulers, squares, compasses Sextants White skin fair eyes, naked word Thunder on their ships. Leopold Sedar Senghor, â€Å"Ethiopiques† (Adas) â€Å"Thunder on their ships† can be used to describe Herman Cortes when he landed at what is now Veracruz, Mexico in 1519 A.D. The light skinned and bearded Spaniard led his men into territory occupied by the Aztec civilization. Little did Cortes know, but thatRead MoreThe Ancient Aztecs Complex And Advanced Civilization966 Words   |  4 PagesHonors Hilp March 3, 2015 The Ancient Aztecs Complex and Advanced Civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that emerged in Mesoamerica around the start of the thirteenth century and existed until 1521 CE. The Aztecs had their own system of government, a very complex religion, and sports and games were very important to the civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that was complex as well as very advanced in many different areas of their civilization such as their government, religion, andRead MoreNative American Civilization : The Aztec, Or Mexicas Essay3157 Words   |  13 PagesOne of the first societies to ever mandate education was the Aztec, or Mexicas, which allowed children of any social stature to be educated, ^ possible input in of a dash rather than a comma including slave children. It is hard to imagine that this grand empire is highly associated with their practices in human sacrifice. When the Spanish invaded and took over, many believed that the Aztecs will killed ^were killed by this ^the Spanish conquest, but ^;but, the truth is that il lnesses brought by the

Aztec Civilization Essay - 680 Words

The Aztec Indians created a great civilization in Central Mexico, reaching its peak in the 1500amp;#8217;s. Being late arrivals to the area, and because of their strong neighboring nations, they were forced to live in the swampy western areas of the Lake Texcoco. Because of the swampy surroundings, the Aztecs used mud to create miniature islands in the swamps. These islands are called chinampas, or amp;#8220;floating gardens,; and were used as farming lands. On these fertile islands they grew corn, squash, vegetables, and flowers. Being an agriculturally dependant empire, the Aztecamp;#8217;s religion was based highly on the forces of nature and worshipped them as gods. The god of war, Huitzilopochtli, was the most important deity.†¦show more content†¦On the stone is a picture of what the Aztecs thought the universe was like. The sun god is in the middle, with the heavens surrounding it, and pictures of people made out of precious stones. The Aztec form of writing was in pictographs, or small pictures symbolizing objects or sounds. The Aztec numbering system used pictographs also, and was based on the number 20. For example, a flag represented 20, a fir tree represented 20 times 20, or 400, and a pouch represented 400 times 20, or 8000. The capitol of the Aztec Empire was Tenochtitlan, which was built where modern-day Mexico City is. It was given the nickname amp;#8220;Venice of the New World,; because it had many canals. During the acme of the Aztec civilization, the population of this great city nu mbered more than 200,000. This made it one of the most populated cities in the ancient world. The city was connected to the mainland by 3 causeways, which, when flooded, served as protective dikes. In the city aqueducts, which was probably the first type of indoor plumbing, brought fresh water into homes. Many people used canoes to travel through the city. Most of the houses were made up of mud and twisted twigs, but the nobility and priests had plastered brick or stone houses. In 1519, Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes and more than 500 other Spaniards landed on the shores of Mexico in search of gold. The Aztecs welcomed the Spaniards and gave them gifts, because they thought they were gods. Cortes became greedy when heShow MoreRelatedThe Aztecs And The Aztec Civilization1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Aztecs had one of the most successful and advanced empires of all time. They had a dwelling culture The Aztec civilization was located directly in the middle of two mountain ranges in the central valley of Mexico ( Platt 10). Although the Aztec empire eventually came to an end they were able to do well as an empire. Contributing factors that led to the rise of the empire was their political structure, social components, and religious traditions which they preformed earnestly. The Aztecs wereRead MoreAztec s And The Aztec Civilization1989 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Aztec. The Aztec’s human sacrifice was a brutal bloodshed. (Pennock 277) The Aztec civilization was a solid and powerful foundation. The Aztec’s dominated northern Mexico during the 16th century, during that time was also the Spanish conquest with Hernan Cortes. The Aztec’s were bodacious warriors. The Aztec’s had a well organized agricultural economy even the Spaniards were impressed and could not wait to take over Mexico. The Spanish knew this could not happen right away with the Aztec beingRead MoreAztec Culture And The Aztec Civilization1637 Words   |  7 PagesAztec culture flourished in the highlands of central Mexico between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, AD. As the last in a series of complex urban civilizations in Mesoamerica, the Aztecs adopted many traits and institutions from their predecessors such as the Maya and Teotihuacan. The Aztecs also devised many innovations, particularly in the realms of economics and politics. Aztec civilization was destroyed at its height by the invasion of Spanish conquerors under He rnando Cortà ©s in 1519. TheRead MoreAncient Civilization And The Aztec Civilization Essay1781 Words   |  8 PagesMesoamerican civilizations lies right below modern day Mexico City. (Yellow,16) Legends have been told about the history of Mexico City, but not until recently was the great city of Tenochtitlan uncovered while construction workers were digging in Mexico City. There are very few physical remains of the ancient city today, but the history of this great civilization is still with us. This civilization was created by the Aztecs, who built their empire in 1325 AD. (Yellow,15). The capital of the Aztecs, TenochtitlanRead MoreAztec, Inca And Aztec Civilizations1134 Words   |  5 Pagesother prospering civilizations thriving in parts of Central America and parts of Mexico. The Mayan, Incan and Aztec civilizations were a few of the greatest ancient civilizations in history, but they each had distinct characteristics that helped them prosper into the great empires that they became. Each had their own fascinating ways of food production, governing system and culture. The Mayans were established first out of the three and settled in modern-day Mexico. Then came the Aztecs and they alsoRead MoreThe Maya And Aztec Civilizations866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Maya and Aztec civilizations were both indigenous people that flourished in Mesoamerica. Maya s classic period dates from 250 to 900 AD, which was considered to be the peak of their civilization. They covered much of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and were centered in what is now known as Guatemala. The Aztecs dominated in the post classic period from 1325 to 1521 AD, in what is now modern day Mexico. Although, the Aztec and Maya s were from different time periods they shared cultural similaritiesRead MoreAztec Religion: the Foundation of a Civilization1456 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Aztec, including their beliefs, customs and religions, acted as a tremendous influence on their government, economy, a nd culture. Religion was the foundation for the infamous culture of the Aztec Civilization. Through ceremonies of sacrifice, and the infusion of cosmology into their religion, the Aztecs sculpted a culture unlike that of any other civilization, and left behind a legacy to be studied and admired for generations to come. Religion ultimately shaped the unique civilization of theRead More The European Invasion of the Aztec Civilization Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe European Invasion of the Aztec Civilization Thunder on their Ships They are landing with rulers, squares, compasses Sextants White skin fair eyes, naked word Thunder on their ships. Leopold Sedar Senghor, â€Å"Ethiopiques† (Adas) â€Å"Thunder on their ships† can be used to describe Herman Cortes when he landed at what is now Veracruz, Mexico in 1519 A.D. The light skinned and bearded Spaniard led his men into territory occupied by the Aztec civilization. Little did Cortes know, but thatRead MoreThe Ancient Aztecs Complex And Advanced Civilization966 Words   |  4 PagesHonors Hilp March 3, 2015 The Ancient Aztecs Complex and Advanced Civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that emerged in Mesoamerica around the start of the thirteenth century and existed until 1521 CE. The Aztecs had their own system of government, a very complex religion, and sports and games were very important to the civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that was complex as well as very advanced in many different areas of their civilization such as their government, religion, andRead MoreNative American Civilization : The Aztec, Or Mexicas Essay3157 Words   |  13 PagesOne of the first societies to ever mandate education was the Aztec, or Mexicas, which allowed children of any social stature to be educated, ^ possible input in of a dash rather than a comma including slave children. It is hard to imagine that this grand empire is highly associated with their practices in human sacrifice. When the Spanish invaded and took over, many believed that the Aztecs will killed ^were killed by this ^the Spanish conquest, but ^;but, the truth is that il lnesses brought by the

Proposal examining accounting fraud Free Essays

Background to the Study and Overall Research Aim: Deceitful accounting instances have ever been critical and prevalentissues in listed Chinese companies. In recent old ages, some Chinese companies have been embroiled in accounting dirts in Hong Kong stock market. Harmonizing to a Hong Kong Exchange study on 30 November 2013, there were 42 companies ’shares that had been suspended for more than three months. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal examining accounting fraud or any similar topic only for you Order Now 17 out of 42 are under investigated officially for possible abnormalities. Listed Chinese companies have the possible to be embroiled with deceitful accounting. Fiscal statements reflect a company’s public presentation and it requires a series of cardinal and appropriate fiscal analysis. Due to its high importance, the cogency and truth of fiscal statements must be stressed. Additionally company directors have to describe to the proprietors of organisation and other related users such as Bankss and other loaners about the fiscal facets of their activities. Those trusting on external fiscal studies want to have the information that is qualified or has been audited in the studies to guarantee dependability. The usage of fiscal statements and its high significance thrust forces of originative actions. Nowadays, more and more companies use deceitful accounting to do company’s public presentation more attractive to investors. On the other manus, it provides more troubles for scrutinizing and consequences in impacting audit quality. Companies intentionally use deceitful accounting to misdirect stakeholders and stockholders. It is easy found out that some companies own good economic public presentation on the fiscal places but they go belly-up all of a sudden. If a company goes into bankruptcy, the stock can drop dramatically and frequently consequences in stop trading on the stock market. By and large, investors have to endure investing loss. Research Aims: The aim of this research is built up to reexamine the literature of accounting fraud in the fiscal statements, to analyze methods of accounting fraud. The most of import undertaking for this thesis is to happen out whether any indicatorsor forms of fraudin the fiscal statements of the listing companies. Theories will be compared to the truth in the instance survey of several companies in order to explicate those theories are good plenty to explicate the same groundss in the company. Initial Review of Relevant Literature: The literature reappraisal focuses on following parts: Definition of accounting fraud Causes of accounting fraud Overview of fraud techniques Consequences of accounting fraud Definition of accounting fraud Deceitful accounting is an knowing darnel, assorted uses of a company’s assets or its fiscal statement to profit vested involvement holder. It frequently includes complex techniques for misappropriate of assets, fail to describe liabilities, misapplying financess, exaggerating grosss and understating disbursals. In related to deceitful fiscal coverage, which is sometimes called originative accounting, window dressing and income smoothing, etc. However, some corporate deceitful accounting dirts have been argued that it is a series of sensible actions in position of net incomes direction instead than an knowing darnel, assorted embezzlements and uses. The differentiation between deceitful accounting and net incomes direction is the managerial purpose. If directors make alterations on fiscal statement to misdirect stockholders or stakeholders that rely on the statement about economic public presentation of the company to act upon outcomes, it can be judged as deceitful accounting. Causes of accounting fraud The complexness of accounting criterions is one of grounds why assorted deceitful dirts happen. Companies seek chances to take advantage of loopholes in bing accounting criterions although it is more elaborate. For illustration, Enron used complex contracts to film over the truth of company minutess for such a long clip. Fraud is committed by misapplying the accounting criterions that are expected to protect public involvements. Furthermore, wages of senior directors provides a genteelness land to accounting fraud. It is closely related to short-run public presentation of a company such as fillips, stock options and perverse inducements. These wagess create inducements to directors to farther manipulate fiscal statements under the force per unit areas although it is fraud. Overview of fraud techniques The fraud techniques are implemented on fiscal statements. Some major applications of fraud techniques are the followerss. Exaggeration of Gross Understatement of Expenses Tamper with Taxation Consequences of accounting fraud Research Methods: Justification and Description: This thesis chiefly collects secondary information which will be conducted to roll up and analyze through an scrutiny of a series of books, diaries, articles, one-year studies and professional organic structures. It is easier to obtain. Since there are many well-known instances about corporate deceitful accounting dirts, there are tonss of information and treatment available on articles and web sites that can be analysed from different positions. Furthermore, one-year studies of naming companies are easier to be obtained. In add-on to secondary informations, primary informations is harder to be found due to the nature of fiction truth by utilizing it. Information to be collected: How information will be collected: This thesis is traveling to follow trying as research method. Sampling method is the survey of selected samples from a population. The topics are easy controlled and more accurate than analyzing the whole population. Interesting correlativities may be found from few topics. Judgment samplingwhich is a nonprobability method and is frequently extension of convenience sampling will be adopted in this thesis. With nonprobability trying schemes, sample is selected based on judgement. The trying scheme should be chosen to choose research companies which are best able to accurately and meaningfully supply information to the study instrument. Therefore, the samples have to be chosen carefully and they are genuinely representative of the whole population when utilizing this method. A list of features of the elements in the sample needs to be determined. These trying standards are indispensable to organize of the sample in order to look at the fraudulent job. These standards include: Companies are listed Companies have one-year study which can supply fiscal statements for analysis Companies have groundss of reported fraud, such as published instances by SFC, HKICPA, HKEx, etc. Analysis Technique ( s ) : Correlation refers to the strength of a relationship between two variables. A weak correlativity means that the variables have a weak relationship with each other while a strong correlativity means that the variables are closely related. This correlativity analysis technique assumes that the variables are analyzed and measured by correlativity coefficient which is Thursdayvitamin EPearson’s R which measures as additive relationship. The correlativity coefficient can be calculated by taking the covariance of the two variables. The scope of Correlation coefficients can be represented from -1 to +1. For illustration, +1 represents an utmost positive correlativity while -1represents an utmost negative correlativity. 0 represents that there is no relationship between the variables being tested. How to cite Proposal examining accounting fraud, Essay examples

Is Legalization A Realistic Alternative To The War On Drugs Essays

Is Legalization A Realistic Alternative To The War On Drugs? For years, the issue of legalization has been an increasingly controversial subject. Millions of dollars are spent annually in the War on Drugs causing many to wonder if this fight is cost-effective or if an alternative such as legalization would be more realistic than current efforts in drug prevention. Opponents state that with legalization would come an increase not only in availability, but also with everything associated with that availability. This includes suffering of users and their loved ones, death of users and innocent alike, increases in health-care costs, cost to employers, drug-related crimes, and increases in various other social, economic, and emotional costs. On the other hand, advocates argue it is pointless to continue to ignore the presence of drugs in society. They feel society must acknowledge the now-illegal narcotics as it has with alcohol and tobacco. Legalization would result in purity assurance, labeled concentration of the product, obliteration of pushers , obliteration of drug crime, savings in expensive enforcement, and significant tax revenues. Both sides of the controversy are confident with the credibility and effectiveness of their respective arguments, making it necessary for society to ask itself whether legalization of narcotics is a realistic alternative to current prohibition and the war on drugs or if legalization would result in more negative consequences than positive. The United States government's current position on narcotics is prohibition. The cornerstone of drug prohibition in America came with the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914. The Harrison Act restricted the use of opiates, such as morphine, heroin, and cocaine, to medicinal purposes. Strong evidence suggests that the law was instituted in order to prevent casual or non-medical users, frequently called dope fiends from obtaining the drugs outside of medical practice. The American experience with drugs at the end of the 19th century demonstrated the serious problems that can be caused by the general use of a wide range of legally available drugs. These problems were judged unacceptable by Americans of that day. Prohibition was the result of nonpartisan public outcry over the negative effects of unrestricted drug use. (Trebach 41-44) The most important question in regards to legalization is how it would affect use and abuse in this country. Advocates of legalization such as Steven Duke and Albert Gross argue that those who do not use under prohibition will not use under legalization. Duke is a law professor at Yale University, and Gross is a lawyer from San Diego, California. They are greatly respected advocates for legalization, their greatest fame stemming from their co-authored book, America's Longest War. The key argument made by advocates Duke and Gross is that the major reasons why people desist from smoking and drinking - health, social stigma, morality, aesthetics - are also applicable to the drugs currently labeled 'illegal' (120). Whether Americans choose to avoid recreational drugs in the first place or to quit using or abusing them is linked to the quality of their lives and their perceived prospects for a rewarding life without drug use or abuse. As Duke states, illegal-drug use has been reduced dram atically in the past few years among white middle and upper classes-but hardly or not at all among ethnic minorities, who largely inhabit out inner cities. Many of those users see nothing but a bleak future before them (121). Having little to lose by drug abuse, they feel no regrets about summarily losing it. In sum, the drug market is already saturated with a combination of legal and illegal drugs. Proponents of legalization feel that virtually everyone who now wants to get high already does so, and while legalization may significantly alter market shares among the now legal and illegal drugs, it is unlikely to create a dramatic increase in demand for narcotics. As Michael S. Gazzaniga, professor of neuroscience at Dartmouth Medical School, puts it, There is a base rate of drug abuse, and it is [presently] achieved one way or another (121). Gazzaniga and those who share his views place their argument heavily upon the point that legalization would not cause current non-users to begi n to use. (Duke 118-125) A secondary point made by legalization proponents on this issue is that while the cheaper prices

Relocation Centers During World War II essays

Relocation Centers During World War II essays During 1942, the United States government placed over 100,000 persons of Japanese birth or ancestry from their homes on the Pacific coast to poorly constructed relocation centers. I agree with this statement fully, and for many reasons. During this time the United States were heavily involved in World War 2. Their prime enemy was the Japanese. Every person of Japanese birth or ancestry could, and should be considered dangerous. When the Americans removed the 110,000 Japanese Americans from their homes in 1942, they were only trying to be safe and protect the lives of others. This made the American people feel a lot safer during the time of war. Another reason why the United States had the right to do this was because all they were doing was taking them away to a different location. They were not killing them like Hitler was doing in Germany with the Jews; they were only removing them from the communities of the real Americans. Sure, the relocation centers were not the best of places, with their barbed wire and their constant patrolling of the grounds, but still no lives were being taken. When the Japanese first struck Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Americans were taken totally by surprise. This gave Americans a fear that the Japanese could strike at any time. So why couldn't the Japanese that actually lived in America strike suddenly? There was no way of saying no to that answer. Therefore, the Japanese Americans had to be taken care of, whether they had good intentions or not, the American government had to be safe. It was for the lives of the millions of Americans who lived on the Pacific coast that the Japanese were taken away and relocated. The actual relocation camps that the American government placed the Japanese in were actually not all that bad. The relocation centers were located in Utah, Wyoming, Arizona, and some other Western states. In the centers the Japanese were put to work but not f...

The Best Blog Photography Tips (+128 Free Images)

The Best Blog Photography Tips (+128 Free Images) You never really know a person until you see things from his point of viewclimb into his skin and walk around in it,† says Atticus in one of my favorite books, To Kill A Mockingbird. Whether youre a solo blogger or a content marketer in a large enterprise, we are all seeking to do just that. We want  to see life from our audience’s perspective so we can meet them in that moment with a message that will resonate.  This is an immense challenge we face when were writing everything all the time. However, these blog photography tips can help bring life to your content in a very powerful and beautiful way. Not everyone feels comfortable  behind the camera. In fact, a common struggle today is finding imagery that’s quality†¦ and unique†¦ and free. That’s a lot to ask for, but it exists.  So I’d love to walk you through the in’s and out’s of finding beautiful imagery that will resonate with your blog readers. The Best Blog Photography Tips (+128 Free Images) You never really know a person until you see things from his point of viewclimb into his skin and walk around in it,† says Atticus in one of my favorite books, To Kill A Mockingbird. Whether youre a solo blogger or a content marketer in a large enterprise, we are all seeking to do just that. We want  to see life from our audience’s perspective so we can meet them in that moment with a message that will resonate.  This is an immense challenge we face when were writing everything all the time. However, these blog photography tips can help bring life to your content in a very powerful and beautiful way. Not everyone feels comfortable  behind the camera. In fact, a common struggle today is finding imagery that’s quality†¦ and unique†¦ and free. That’s a lot to ask for, but it exists.  So I’d love to walk you through the in’s and out’s of finding beautiful imagery that will resonate with your blog readers.

Killing With Keyboards Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Killing With Keyboards - Assignment Example sing the information to a pedophile to threaten Chris’ children; (4) altering the information to spread confusion just for the sake of fun; or, (5) harassing him for ransom. Vulnerabilities include: (1) Trojan horses, which are destructive programs that are sent into the computer system so that all important passwords and valuable information such as the social security number is conveyed to the thief. (2) Email phishing, in which the victim (Chris) is sent emails that scam him by leading him to a counterfeit website which inquires about his private information. (3) Viruses, which infect the systems and unlock all important information. (5) Social networking, which makes all shared information vulnerable. (5) Employee sabotage, in which a colleague gets unauthorized access to information. Measures include educating the internet users about their rights of protection so that they do not become victims at the hands of criminals (Newman, 2009). The more the awareness about the us er’s information security, the lesser will be the chance of fraudulent

Nataional Competetiveness Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nataional Competetiveness - Term Paper Example The four factors are, factor endowments, domestic demand condition, related and supporting industries and structure, strategy and rivalry among firms (Hills and Jones 248). Figure 1: Diamonds Theory (Source: Peng 135) According to Porter, the above four factors constitute the diamond which is referred to as a jointly reinforcing scheme and therefore the competitive advantage of the firm depends on the favorability of the diamond for the specific industry in which the firm belongs (Misra and Yadav 83). The paper talks about the automobile industry in America and is analyzed with the help of Porter's â€Å"National Competitiveness Model† or the Diamond Theory. American Automobile Industry Factor Conditions/Endowment As stated in Porters Diamond Model, factors refer to the types of resources which are necessary for the industry and they are physical resources, human resources, capital resources, knowledge resources and other infrastructure. The nation tends to gain advantage wher e the factors are accepted and well mixed. The factor condition is further divided into two, natural and advanced factors (Walker 178). The automobile industry includes those companies which are involved in marketing, production and also maintenance of automobiles. As per the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the automobile sector had employed about 700,000 workers in 2011. The labor dynamics affects the employment level in industries such as plastics and steel manufacturing. The American automobile industry has been experiencing upward pressure with respect to wages and a downward pressure on benefits and is competing with other strong economies for skilled labors. In the recent global financial turmoil which has also affected US, the automobile sector is unlikely to support comfortable living for the working class affecting the industry’s ability to attract skilled workers, thus having negative impact on the competitive advantage (Basu, â€Å"What Factors Affect the Labor Sup ply and Demand for the Automobile Industry?†). However in the 20th century, the American automotive industry had maintained prominence in the domestic economy. The American auto industry had sprouted from Henry Ford and currently in its blooming stage. But the issue with workers remained the same (Wall 8). Domestic Demand Condition The home demand condition plays an important role in national competition as it tends to gain competitive advantage only if the demand from the domestic customers forces the industry to carry out innovation, lead the global market and gain profit. The US is in the process of recovery and the automobile sector has been contributing to a large extent. In 2012, the annual sales for automobiles along with light truck amounted to 14.8% higher compared to previous years (Spross, â€Å"The Comeback of the U.S. Auto Industry†). America is a developed country with growing population which means that the industries are developed and has entered the mat ured stage. Retail sales in the US are boosted by demand from automobiles along with gasoline prices restricting the customers to spend on other goods. Some of the major automobile makers reported that the sales of cars increased 19.9%

Internet and Technology - Carnivore and the Publics Privacy Essay

Internet and Technology - Carnivore and the Public's Privacy Abstract: This paper discusses the potential for widespread invasion of the public's privacy on the Internet by the United States government. In particular, the paper will address the Carnivore system employed by the FBI. It will show the privacy issues that are raised by the FBI's attempt to create an Internet wiretap system. In today's world, where the Internet has pervaded so many aspects of our daily lives, it is important to consider the security of the information one transmits digitally over a network. Ideally, any transmitted data would reach its intended destination without ever being visible to anyone else. Unfortunately, the very nature of computer networks makes this impossible. Carnivore attempts to take advantage of this in order to create the equivalent of an Internet wiretap. However, the present implementation raises certain privacy issues. Carnivore is the FBI's attempt to create the digital equivalent of an analog wiretap. Carnivore functions like many other packet sniffers (network programs that capture all data that they see) that have been available for years; it enters a promiscuous mode where it collects every packet available on the network, whether or not the packet is intended for that machine. Carnivore is then able to piece the packets together in order to reconstruct the original data. The intent is to capture email content without needing to go through the process of obtaining legal access to the files on the mail server of the Internet Service Provider (ISP). However, there is no reason why the same process could not be used to reconstruct other user transactions such as instant messages, chat... ... only methods of precaution available to network users if there is someone sniffing packets. Carnivore poses certain concerns to any network user concerned about their security. Unfortunately many of the issues are in the hands of the FBI and not the common civilian population of the United States, because it does not seem as though Carnivore will be forced to change. As a result, the only safeguard available to most people is encryption of any important information that is transmitted over a network. Public awareness of the issues involved, and the voicing of the concerns could prompt legislation to ensure that personal privacy is observed and respected by the FBI. In the meantime, the FBI will have to be trusted to handle the power provided by Carnivore in an ethical manner, doing everything they can to respect the privacy of the common citizen.

Evaluation of Maintenance Culture of Christian Cathedral Church Buildings

EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE CULTURE OF CHRISTIAN CATHEDRAL CHURCH BUILDINGS BY OLAYINKA JOHN AJAYI NOVEMBER, 2012 ABSTRACT The study focused on maintenance culture of cathedral church buildings in Lagos Mainland Area of Lagos State Nigeria. It also assessed the operational state of these church buildings within the study area. In achieving these objectives, opinions of maintenance officers and users of selected cathedral church buildings were sampled through structured questionnaires. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, upon which 100 respondent were surveyed.The analysis revealed that the operational state of some of these church buildings as been average. Maintenance officers and users of the buildings both ranked insufficiency of fund for maintenance programme as second most significant factor among other factors responsible for poor maintenance management of these church buildings. Other factors found to be highly significant by the maintenance officers a re; cost of maintenance by the operatives. The study recommended proactive measures to reduce the occurrence of defects in the buildings elements and services.The church board of trustee is to provide adequate funding for the implementation of their maintenance programme. Building elements should be regularly inspected to ensure their functionality. CHAPTER ONE 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1Background of the Study Introduction of Christianity in Nigeria metamorphosed through different phases since the early missionaries stepped feet on the Nigerian soil in the 16th century (Ajayi, 2005), and this has given rise into Christian religious institutional buildings as the Christians need a place called church as a building to worship.Hence, old religious institutional buildings are considered symbolically and emotionally significant by community members (Cohen and Jaeger, 2008 & Vangelova, 2005), and public perception endows our environments with cultural values and in turn the perception is d ictated by these values. Numerous researchers and critics in architectural theory and historic preservation looked at these shared values, that humans’ â€Å"psychological necessity† to maintain their memory creates the desire for historic preservation Woodcock (2002).Likewise, the researchers argue that the on-going course of history that contains each generation’s culture should be preserved as the public is concerned with the preservation of their memory that has been fashioned in the relationship with their environments (Brand, 2005 and Downing, 2000). Geva (2002) demonstrates that various building types religious, national, residential are a function of the interaction of cultural, regional climate conditions and architectural forms. Geva analyzed the degree of architectural modifications of single family houses and community churches.From research carried out by Geva (2002), people spent more money in maintaining their personal residential building than re ligious institutional buildings (church). Thus, churches as a building type are significant to the public as they serve primarily as cultural symbols (Cantacuzino, 2009 & Jaeger, 2005). Church Buildings play an important role in the City by providing venues for a range of activities and services aimed at encouraging community interaction and participation.Church Buildings are important assets which contribute to the physical, social and moral wellbeing of the community, society at large and the subsequent development of social capital and community strength Robert (2001). The provision of church buildings promote a sense of community identity and â€Å"sense of place†. At the same time, there are significant cost factors associated with the upkeep (maintaining) and ongoing maintenance of these building assets. Maintenance involves fixing any sort of mechanical, plumbing or electrical device etc should it become out of order or broken (known as repair, unscheduled or casua lty maintenance).It also includes performing routine actions which keep the building in a working order (known as scheduled maintenance) or prevents trouble from arising (preventive maintenance). Maintenance may be defined as, â€Å"All actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and supervision actions. † The former of these represents a closed loop supply chain and usually has the scope of maintenance, repair or overhaul of the building.The latter of the categorizations is an open loop supply chain and is typified by refurbishment and remanufacture. The main characteristic of the closed loop system is that the demand for a product is matched with the supply of a used product. Neglecting asset write-offs and exceptional activities the total population of the product between the customer and t he service provider remains constant. Generally speaking, there are three types of maintenance in use: Preventive maintenance, where equipment is maintained before break down occurs.This type of maintenance has many different variations and is subject of various researches to determine best and most efficient way to maintain equipment buildings inclusive. Recent studies have shown that Preventive maintenance is effective in preventing age related failures of the equipment. For random failure patterns which amount to 80% of the failure patterns, condition monitoring proves to be effective. Corrective maintenance, where equipment is maintained after break down.This maintenance is often most expensive because worn equipment can damage other parts and cause multiple damage. Reliability centered maintenance, often known as RCM, is a process to ensure that assets continue to do what their users require in their present operating context. All these shall be looked into in detailed the lite rature review In addition, the management and community at large has a significant duty of care to ensure that these buildings are kept and maintained appropriately to ensure the safety of all users and compliance with all legislative requirements and standards.While the requirements for good practice in maintenance management of buildings have been established over a considerable period, the achievement of good practice is by no means universal (Turrell, 2007). Furthermore, the maintenance of these religious institutional buildings has a significant impact on the environment and on the whole nation at large. Additionally, the conditions of the surroundings in which we live and learn, is a reflection of the nation’s well being (Lee, 2007). 1. 2Statement of the problemMost existing religious institutional buildings in Lagos State lack adequate maintenance attention and as result of this, these buildings are in very poor and deplorable conditions of structural and decorative di srepair Ogunlana (1999),. While considerable research have been carried out on factors responsible for the poor maintenance of these religious institutional buildings in Lagos State but only scant attention has been given to the key parameters affecting the implementation of maintenance programmes for these religious institutional buildings.There is therefore a need to establish and evaluate the factor affecting maintenance of these religious institutional buildings. 1. 3Aim and Objectives of the Study The aim of this study is to evaluate the maintenance culture of Christian institutional buildings in Lagos State. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are adopted. 1. To identify the maintenance problem of religious institutional buildings and provide solutions to the problem. 2. To examine the physical conditions of these religious institutional buildings so as to ascertain the level of their maintenance. . To examine the maintenance principle in use for Christian religious institutional buildings in Lagos state. 4. To evaluate the effect of maintenance on the performance of religious institutional buildings in Lagos State. 1. 4Significance of the Study The study will state how significant the maintenance of our religious institutional buildings is in social economic development of our country at large and the research finding will contribute to solving problems regarding maintenance culture of these institutional buildings.The findings of this study will contribute to the improvement of poor maintenance culture of these buildings and lukewarm attitude of maintenance managers in charge of these buildings. The result of the study will determine the quantity of maintainable items supplied to this building. The study will further educate maintenance manager of the building to broaden their horizon in planning day to day maintenance. Furthermore, the outcome of the study will create awareness in maintenance culture in relation to the basic demands of the d ifferent subject or maintenance areas. . 5Research Question In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the following questions have to be answered. 1. What are the maintenance problems facing these religious institutional buildings? 2. Are these religious institutional buildings in good physical condition? 3. What are the maintenance principles implore by the maintenance managers in maintaining these institutional buildings? 4. What are the effects of maintenance on the performance of these religious institutional buildings? 1. 6Scope and Limitation of the StudyThere is no doubt about the significance Christian Institutional buildings in Lagos State as they also serve as social and moral heritage and they must be maintained properly. Hence the scope of this study shall be limited to Cathederal Churches in Lagos Mainland of Lagos State. HAPTER TWO 2. 0REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2. 0Preamble Geva (2002) demonstrates that various building types religious, national, residential are a function of the interaction of cultural, regional climate conditions and architectural forms.Geva analyzed the degree of architectural modifications of single family houses and community churches. From research carried out by Geva (2002) that the people spent more money in maintaining their personal residential building than religious institutional buildings (church). Thus, churches as a building type are significant to the public as they serve primarily as cultural symbols (Cantacuzino, 2009 & Jaeger, 2005). 2. 1What is Maintenance? History is about the preservation of the past, so that a good use may be made of the future.Fifty years ago, the challenge was to get people to identify and care about institutional religious buildings while twenty-five years ago, the challenge was to avert development. Today, the challenge is to stop the unnecessary loss of historic religious institutional buildings through neglect, Onifade (2000). There are a substantial number of people wh o do not know the meaning of maintenance. At least the way they practice it would indicate this. In practice, prevalent interpretation of maintenance is to â€Å"fix† it when â€Å"it breaks†. This is a good definition for repair, but not true maintenance. This style of maintenance is reactive.Maintenance, according to Smith (2003) means to keep in its existing state, preserve, continue in good operating condition. Maintenance is defined as work undertaken in order to keep, restore or improve every facility, to an acceptable standard and to sustain the utility and value of the facility. This is a proactive maintenance. Historically in both the public sector and the private sector, maintenance was seen by many as an avoidable task which was perceived as adding little to the quality of the working environment, and expending scarce resources which could be better placed, Smiths (2008).To some maintenance is war. The enemies are the triumvirate of breakdown, deterioration, and all the types of unplanned events. The soldiers are the maintenance departments, in our organization and as many civilians as we can recruit. Military historians study battles with an eye towards identifying the pattern of conditions that dominated the outcome. As maintenance leaders, we have many strategies and weapons at our disposal, some new, some old, some complex and some simple, some defective as one theater of operations and some better in another.Each strategy to consider works only with the support of the correct weapons and the logistics. Institutional buildings, which form an integral part of the environment, are severely exposed to agencies such as moisture, intense solar radiation and prevailing winds, which directly change their physical attributes (Ikpo, 2006). The prime effects of these environmental agencies include discoloration, abrasion, cracks, stains and fungal growth. Therefore, regular or periodic maintenance is required to preserve the physical form of severely exposed religious institutional buildings, and landforms among others.Apart from exposure to weather, biochemical agencies also accelerate decay of institutional buildings. It has become factual that these physical and social changes have affected sites of cultural and historical importance. In the process, potential tourist sites of local and national interest comprising historical and peculiar architectural buildings, archaeological excavations, palaces, groves, monuments, open spaces and town squares are lost while some are wasting away. The issue is not that of causation of deterioration but of poor response to maintenance demands. 2. 2Maintenance of Institutional BuildingsReligious Institutional buildings today are confronted by unique challenges that threaten their very existence (Stolzenberg, 2004). The characteristics and the structure of these institutional buildings, by their nature lack the capacity to compete with the changing whether again. According to Shohet (2003), the performance of religious institutional buildings and their components depends to a large degree on continuous and planned periodical maintenance. The Built environment expresses in physical form the complex, social and economic factors, which give structure and life to a community (Lee, 2005).According to Banful (2004) the financial consequences of neglecting maintenance is often not only seen in terms of reduced asset life and premature replacement but also in increased operating cost and waste of related and natural and financial resources. Maintenance is related to the background of any project, unfortunately development plans and approved recurrent and capital estimates in religious institutional buildings in Lagos state have revealed that thought have not be given to maintenance work (Onifade, 2003). 2. Maintenance Problems of Religious Institutional Buildings There are so many problems being faced by attempts to maintain institutional buildings. Aradeon (2006) lis ted some of these problems to include inadequate professionals and the closeness of these sites to urban centres thereby making the land occupied by them to attract high value for alternative investment. The major problems confronting the maintenance of institutional buildings revealed by the study are related to finance basically. Repair cost of Religious institutional buildings is usually higher than a modern home.Some common maintenance needs seen in home are problems such as peeling paints and foundation cracks; minor structural problems such as crack plaster to small movement in the foundation; drainage and grading problems due to the installation of new roof gutter; insufficient electrical system; poorly installed plumbing; older leaking roof; older heating and cooling system; poor ventilation: excessive moisture from un-vented bathrooms and cooking areas causing damaged plaster and deteriorated windows; and excessive air leakage, Onifade (2006). 2. 3. 1Finance Maintenance is essential for the conservation of religious institutional buildings.Those who participate in the maintenance of religious institutional buildings like the church management committee need to know their likely financial commitment before work commences. This early-stage cost advice can establish realistic budget for decision making (Smith, 2005). The cost of maintenance of a religious institutional building could be high or lower depending on the structure at the beginning and invariably, it is usually high because of the materials that were used in the first place which may not meet current standard. It is therefore difficult for these properties to be maintaining properly (Mandal, 2004).The increasing abandonment of these properties by those who were originally responsible for them informed the need for government, NGOs and religious bodies’ participation in their maintenance. Finance is the major factor that inhibits the conservation of religious institutional buildings. Th e maintenance of institutional buildings requires a lot of money that cannot be provided by a single body. Other maintenance problems are; according to Adenuga (1999), various problems of varying magnitudes and origins are encountered in the process of maintenance. Some of these would include: 2. 3. Design Problems Some fundamental maintenance problems originate from the design of the building. These types of problems are usually hard to solve as it may involve complete reconstruction of the entire building or large section of it. It may be avoided or, at least, drastically reduced by involving at the design stages professional experts, including highly competent and experienced Maintenance Managers. 2. 3. 3Problem of Skill Some Maintenance Managers and their crew of craftsmen and technicians lack the desired skills (which include experience, technical know-how, etc) required on the job. . 3. 4Research and Development Problems There is lack of adequate funds and interest in this dir ection. In fact, research and development directed towards building maintenance is non-existent or at best, very minimal. 2. 3. 5Overcrowding Another characteristic common to most homes of poorer groups is crowded, cramped conditions. Many health problems affecting poorer groups are associated with overcrowding, including household accidents, acute respiratory infections (of which pneumonia is perhaps the most serious), tuberculosis and other airborne infections.In the predominantly low-income residential areas in Third World cities, there is often an average of four or more persons per room and in many instances less than one square metre of floorspace per person. Diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza and meningitis are easily transmitted from one person to another. Their spread is often aided by low resistance among inhabitants due to malnutrition and by frequent contact between infected and susceptible people. Acute bacterial and viral respiratory infections and lots of others are diseases caused by overcrowding Horner (2007). 2. 3. 6Indoor Air PollutionWhere open fires or relatively inefficient stoves are used indoors for cooking and/or heating, smoke or fumes from coal, wood or other biomass fuels can cause or contribute to serious respiratory problems. Chronic effects include inflammation of the respiratory tract which in turn reduces resistance to acute respiratory infections, while these infections in turn enhance susceptibility to the inflammatory effects of smoke and fumes. Exposure to carcinogens in emissions from biomass fuel combustion has been confirmed in studies in which exposed subjects wore personal monitoring equipment.Women who may spend 2-4 hours a day at the stove must be at risk. Infants and children may be heavily exposed because they remain with their mothers; the added exposure to pollutants combined with malnutrition may retard growth, leading to smaller lungs and greater prevalence of chronic bronchitis Harvey (2009) 2. 3. 7Disea se Vectors A large range of vectors live, breed or feed within or around houses and settlements. The diseases they cause or carry include some of the major causes of ill health and premature death in many cities – especially malaria (anopheles mosquitoes) and diarrhea diseases (cockroaches, blowflies and houseflies).But there are also many other diseases caused or carried by insects, spiders or mites including bancroftian filariasis (culex mosquitoes), Chagas disease (triatomine bugs), dengue fever (Ardes mosquitoes), hepatitis A (houseflies, cockroaches), leishmaniasis (sand-fly), plague (certain fleas), relapsing fever (body lice and soft ticks), scabies (scabies mites), trachoma (face flies), typhus (body lice and fleas), yaws (face flies), and yellow fever (Aegypti mosquitoes). Urban expansion may also change the local ecology in ways which favour the emergence or multiplication of particular disease vectors.For instance, Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector for dengue feve r and yellow fever is often found to breed in polluted water sources such as soak-away pits and septic tanks. Anopheline mosquitoes generally shun polluted water but certain species have adapted to the urban environment and now breed in swamps and ditches in or close to urban areas Horner (2007). 2. 4Maintenance System The selection of maintenance system to be operated in the building should take into consideration in terms of the life cycle of the building materials, services installation provided space function or activities to be carried out in that particular building.In some cases, when the material has reached the ‘wear and tear’ condition, the maintenance work is then required to rectify those defects. Therefore, it is very important to ensure that the design team understands materials performance in order to reduce the running cost during building operation. Using so called ‘heavy duty’ materials and yet producing high quality building fabric, Arade on (2006). By knowing the physical and detail life span of the materials will allow the maintenance team to forecast the budget allocated for replacement work and planned the maintenance work as per schedule.With a detail record of the previous maintenance work, it will act as a benchmark to the future maintenance activities where decision be made through this. It shows that, the maintenance work should not only rectify and making good all defects at the affected area but also at the same time should be properly recorded. It is a way to closely monitor the severity of the defects occurring in the building; Arazi (2009). Referring to the previous record will assist the maintenance team to overcome and provide an effective remedial works.In spite of planned maintenance, emergency maintenance will involve urgent and immediate work prior to the problem. It is to avoid the resultant consequences to other activities which may cause severe failures; Oloyede (1991). By considering those pla nned and unplanned maintenance, the management should provide a realistic budget and come out with some emergency plans in dealing with uncertainties cases. Therefore, the implementation of an effective maintenance practice must inculcate some indicators to improvise the traditional maintenance management system to reach the needs and nature of the work. . 5Maintenance Needs and Nature It is highly desirable but hardly feasible to produce buildings that are maintenance-free, although much can be done at the design stage to reduce the amount of subsequent maintenance work. All elements of buildings deteriorate at a greater or lesser rate depending on material and methods of construction, environmental conditions and the use of the building. A prime aim of maintenance is to preserve a building in its initial stage, as far as practicable, so that it effectively serves its purpose. The main purposes of maintaining buildings are; Apwa (2001) i.Retaining value of investment. ii. Maintaini ng the building in a condition in which it continues to fulfill its function. iii. Presenting a good appearance. Maintenance work has also been categorized as â€Å"predictable† and â€Å"avoidable. Predictable maintenance is regularly periodic work that may be necessary to retain the performance characteristic of a product, as well as that required to replace or repair the product after it has achieved a useful life span. Avoidable maintenance is the work required to rectify failures caused by poor design, incorrect installation or the use of faulty materials.The function of maintenance can be divided into three (3) groups; * Cleaning and servicing, * Rectification and repair and * Replacement. Timely expenditure on the first two can postpone the need to replace materials or components, a very expensive business. Cleaning and servicing should be carried out regularly and may be combined with a system of reporting faults when become apparent, thereby avoiding the need for mo re expensive repairs or even replacement at a later stage. Apwa (2001) 2. 6Type of MaintenanceAccording to Avedesian (2006) maintenance can be divided into the following categories:- Breakdown maintenance: It means that people waits until equipment fails and repairs it. Such a thing could be used when the equipment failure does not significantly affect the operation or production or generate any significant loss other than repair cost. Planned maintenance: This is maintenance organized and carried out with forethought, control and the use of records to a predetermined plan, Unplanned maintenance Ad hoc maintenance carried out to no predetermined plan. Preventive maintenanceMaintenance carried out at predetermined intervals, or corresponding to prescribed criteria, and intended to reduce the probability of failure, or the performance degradation of an item. Preventive maintenance initiated as a result of knowledge of the condition of an item from routine or continuous monitoring. It is a daily maintenance (cleaning, inspection, oiling and re-tightening), design to retain the healthy condition of equipment and prevent failure through the prevention of deterioration, periodic inspection or equipment condition diagnosis, to measure deterioration.It is further divided into periodic maintenance and predictive maintenance. Just like human life is extended by preventive medicine, the equipment service life can be prolonged by doing preventive maintenance. | Preventive maintenance as scheduled overhaul or scheduled replacement provides two of the three proactive failure management policies available to the maintenance manager. Common methods of determining what Preventive (or other) failure management policies should be applied are; OEM ecommendations, requirements of codes and legislation within a jurisdiction, what an â€Å"expert† thinks ought to be done, or the maintenance that's already done to similar equipment, and most important measured values and perfo rmance indications. To make it simple: * Preventive maintenance is conducted to keep equipment working and/or extend the life of the equipment. * Corrective maintenance, sometimes called â€Å"repair,† is conducted to get equipment working again. 2. 7Goals of a Successful Maintenance Programme According to Iyagba R.O (2004) Successful maintenance programs should achieve these goals: 1. Help buildings function as they were intended and operate at peak efficiency, including minimizing energy consumption. Because maintenance keeps equipment functioning as designed, it reduces inefficiencies in operations and energy usage. 2. Failures of building systems that would interrupt occupants’ activities and the delivery of public services. Buildings that operate trouble-free allow public employees to do their jobs and serve the public.Because maintenance includes regular inspections and replacement of equipment crucial to operating a building, maintenance staff reduces the proble ms that might otherwise lead to a breakdown in operations. 3. Sustain a safe and healthful environment by keeping buildings and their components in good repair and structurally sound. Protecting the physical integrity of building components through preventive maintenance preserves a safe environment for employees and the public. 4. Provide maintenance in ways that are cost-effective.Preventive maintenance can prevent minor problems from escalating into major system and equipment failures that result in costly repairs. In avoiding costs of major repairs, preventive maintenance creates efficiencies. Increasing preventive maintenance can reduce time spent reacting to crises, which is a more cost-effective way to operate buildings. Deferring preventive maintenance can generate higher costs over the long term. 2. 8Building Performance This is a comprehensive whole house approach to identifying and fixing comfort and energy efficiently.Building performance or home performance is a compreh ensive whole-house approach to identifying and fixing comfort and energy efficiency problems in a home. Energy audits are performed by energy auditors, also known as building analysts or consultants, which, in the United States, are usually certified by the Building Performance Institute (BPI). The United States Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Energy started a national program â€Å"Home Performance with ENERGY STAR† to offer a comprehensive, whole-house approach to improving energy efficiency and comfort at home, while helping to protect the environment.The Home Performance with ENERGY STAR program has 40 programs, to date, across the country which are administered by various utilities and state energy offices. Home performance applies building science to address the following issues: Efficient energy use, Durability, Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Comfort, Indoor Moisture sources and solutions Diagnostic equipment includes: Blower door, Duct blaster, Thermogr aphic camera Combustion analyzer.A home performance energy audit results in home energy retrofit recommendations to improve the comfort and efficiency of the home, the most common of which include: Sealing air holes and gaps in the building envelope and subsequently adding insulation. Sealing ducts. Upgrading heating and cooling systems, appliances and lighting by replacing them with energy efficient equipment such as ENERGY STAR appliances or devices, compact fluorescent lamps, or LED lamps. Adding heat recovery ventilation or other means to control and upgrade fresh air ventilation, Retrieved from Google (2012). CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PreambleThis chapter housed the method used in gathering the necessary information and source of data used on the research project. The study examines the techniques used in analyzing the data. This research is based on the evaluation of maintenance culture of Christian religious institutional buildings in Lagos State, Nigeria, and the fo llowing were looked into, research design, population, sampling technique, instrument for data collection, administration of instrument and technique of data analysis. Technique of Data Analysis The data collected was analyzed with simple percentage for respondents’ bio-data, Arithmetic mean for research.This was done in respects to the four points Likert scale, Analysis of Research Questions Research Question 1:what are the maintenance problems facing Christian institutional buildings? S/N| STATEMENT| SA| A| D| SD| X | Remarks | 1| The church building is in a detoration state| -| 3Ãâ€"39| 2Ãâ€"65130| 1Ãâ€"3232| 1. 71| Disagree| 2| The church building needs certain level of repair generally| -| 3Ãâ€"35105| 2Ãâ€"4590| 1Ãâ€"2020| 2. 15| Disagree | 3| Most of the roofing, paints and some parts of the church needs repair| 4Ãâ€"37148| 3Ãâ€"3399| 2Ãâ€"1530| 1Ãâ€"1515| 2. 5| Agree | Source; Field Survey, 2O12 From the table above, the respondents disagreed with statement o ne and statement two respectively with the mean score level of 1. 71 and 2. 15 respectively. But agree with the last statement to show the level of maintenance needed by these church buildings. From the analysis above we discovered that these church buildings are maintained but there are still levels of maintenance needed in the area of roofing due to wear and tear and moisture, which also is applicable to the church painting.Research Question 2: are these Christian institutional buildings in good physical conditions? S/N| STATEMENT| SA| A| D| SD| X | Remarks | 4| The building equipments has been audited several time to ascertain level of maintenance needs| 4Ãâ€"67268| 3Ãâ€"2369| 2Ãâ€"36| 1Ãâ€"77| 3. 50| Agree| 5| There are certain amounts allocated for the maintenance of this building by the authority. | 4Ãâ€"78312| 3Ãâ€"2266| -| -| 3. 78| Agree| 6| Periodic preventive maintenance is carried out on this church building| 4Ãâ€"85340| 3Ãâ€"1854| 2Ãâ€"510| -| 4. 4| Agree| Sour ce; Field Survey, 2O12 The table above shows that the respondents agreed with all of the statements made. The mean scores are 3. 50, 3. 78 and 4. 04 respectively which mean that the majority of the churches surveyed are kept under good conditions with amount allocated for maintenance and periodic preventive maintenance carried out. Research Question 3: what are the maintenance principles implore by the maintenance managers in maintaining these buildings? S/N| STATEMENT| SA| A| D| SD| X | Remarks | | There is a facility maintenance plan for this building| 4Ãâ€"55220| 3Ãâ€"45135| -| -| 3. 55| Agree| 8| The facility maintenance plan includes long and short term objectives and budgets? | 4Ãâ€"27108| 3Ãâ€"1545| 2Ãâ€"2448| 1Ãâ€"3434| 2. 35| Disagree| 9| The facility manager carry out preventive maintenance regularly| 4Ãâ€"85340| 3Ãâ€"1854| 2Ãâ€"510| -| 4. 04| Agree| Source; Field Survey, 2012 The table above shows that the respondents agreed with statements 7 and 9 with mean scor e of 3. 55 and 4. 04 respectively, thereby disagreeing with statement 8 made with mean score of 2. 5, which shows an indication that there is facility maintenance plans for all the church building and that there is preventive maintenance carried out by the manager, but there are no adequate budget to execute this maintenance plan. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Maintenance is regarded to be the most pragmatic and philosophically appropriate conservation method (Forsyth, 2007). Regular maintenance is critical to the survival of any building, be it cultural, heritage or non-heritage and church buildings.This recognition was made as early as 1877 by William Morris the founder of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), an organization entrusted with caring and preserving United Kingdom’s heritage buildings. He considered regular maintenance as â€Å"the most practical and economic form of conserving heritage buildings†. Kerr (2000) als o emphasized that â€Å"of all the processes of conserving ancient church buildings, maintenance is the single most important process†. To date, regular maintenance is still considered as the most sustainable way of preserving church buildings (Dan and Cantell, 2007).However, a large number of heritage buildings are decaying due to age, neglect, high maintenance cost and lack of comprehensive guidelines and understanding of heritage buildings’ maintenance management practices 5. 2Conclusion The study has revealed that the operational state (physical-functional condition) of church buildings in Lagos State as carried out by the maintenance department was found to be good, The analysis discloses that the Cathedral church buildings in Lagos State are in a good state of existence in terms of the physical and functional conditions of the building elements and services that constitute these buildings.But for better performance, a proactive rather than reactive approach shoul d be adopted for effective maintenance practices as some Cathedral church buildings out of the surveyed ones are not properly maintained. This study has raised awareness on the practice and cost of neglect of maintenance of our Cathedral Church buildings. It is not intended to frighten the church owner or user, it is to sound the alarm for the need of imbibing the culture of maintenance of our church buildings as opposed to the culture of lawlessness and arbitrariness that have characterized past management of our building stock.The research work is wake-up to arresting the menace and embarrassment of the Sick Building Syndrome. 5. 3Recommendations Cathedral church buildings are places of worship as such more has to be done by both the maintenance management staff and the users to improve the operational state (physical-functional condition) more in maintaining those which are not properly maintained as they are place which give moral lessons to the people. Recommendations for these churches cannot be over emphasized.Hence upon this the following recommendations are made to preserve these church buildings under survey. Maintenance managers and their team should adopt more proactive approach to reduce the occurrence of defects, which will consequently bring about better physical and functional Cathedral church buildings elements and services. The governing councils of these churches should always set aside adequate fund for the running of these Cathedral church buildings as the study shows that there are no long time budgets for these buildings.Maintenance managers should equally give the narrow managerial span of control a trial in use as this may likely bring about a more effective organizational structure leading to better maintenance management of public hospital buildings. It is also important that maintenance management work together with top administration management so as to secure sufficient funds for maintenance works as well as ensure that such funds is judiciously utilized. Maintenance manager should use authentic materials and skills in repairing and retrofitting these church buildings.Older buildings require constant maintenance. Current funding programs cover the initial conversion costs, but not longer-term maintenance. Perhaps additional funds for maintenance could be made available when conserving built heritage is part of a housing project’s objectives. Building managers should also * coordinate preventive maintenance with other maintenance projects, * prepare a checklist of preventive maintenance tasks, * schedule a timeline for the tasks, * prepare procedures for managing the program, and include preventive maintenance among activities for controlling the quality of air inside buildings As building managers determine what maintenance projects are needed, they should use an objective process for setting priorities among them. For cost effectiveness, building managers should calculate total costs over the expecte d lifetime of building and facilities. As a prelude to preventive maintenance, building managers should oversee periodic inspections of buildings’ conditions and create an inventory of buildings’ components and equipment.References Adenuga, O. A. (1999): Building maintenance in Nigeria: Structural Deterioration, Recognition Diagnosis of Causes and Remedies. (01), 5-25). Ajayi, L. A. (1987): Concern for collapse of building in Nigeria. Journal of the Nigerian Institute of Structural Engineers, 1(2). Akinsola, O. E. , Adenuga O. A. , and Iyagba R. O. (2004): Strategic maintenance practices: Effective loots for improved productivity and efficiency of plants and equipments in construction industry. Journal of Building Quarterly, 3(1), 10-15. Allen, D (2003), Facilities management, Bradford, Vol. 11, Iss 3, pg. 7. Association of School Business Officials (ASBO) International, School Facilities Maintenance and Operations Manual (Reston, VA: ASBO International, 2008). Avedesi an, (2006) How to Design and Manage Your Preventive Maintenance Program. APWA and Building Research Board of the National Research Council, Committing to the Cost of Ownership: Maintenance and Repair of Public Buildings (Chicago: APWA, 2001). Alexander, B. Atkin, J. Brochner, T. Haugen (2004), Facilities Management, Innovation and Performance. Barret, P. (2005), Facilities Management: Towards Best Practice, Oxford:Blackwell Science. British Standard Institution (1998): BS 79813: The principle of the Construction of Historic Buildings. BSI, London. Chanter, P. , Swallow B, (2000), Building Maintenance Management, Blackwell Science, Ltd. David G. Cotts, (2009). The Facility Management Handbook, 2d ed. (New York: American Management Association.